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Amino Acids

Amino acids are critical to life, and have a variety of roles in metabolism.
One particularly important function is as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme. Due to this central role in biochemistry, amino acids are very important in nutrition.

When taken up into the body in the diet, the 20 standard amino acids are either used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules or oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase, the amino group is then fed into the urea cycle.
The other product of transamidation is a keto acid that enters the citric acid cycle.
Glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis.

Of the 20 standard amino acids, 8 are called essential amino acids because the human
body cannot synthesize them from other compounds at the level needed for normal growth,
so they must be obtained from food. However, the situation is quite complicated since
cysteine, taurine, tyrosine, histidine and arginine are semiessential amino acids in children,
because the metabolic pathways that synthesize these amino acids are not fully developed.
The amounts required also depend on the age and health of the individual, so it is hard to
make general statements about the dietary requirement for some amino acids.

Essential:        Isoleucine     Leucine          Lysine             Methionine     Phenylalanine 
Threonine       Tryptophan     Valine            
                    
Non Essential: Alanine         Arginine         Asparagine       Aspartate       Cystine
Glutamate      Glutamine     Glycine          Proline              Serine            Tyrosine Histadine              

Antioxidants...

Antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves.
As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or polyphenols.

Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells.

Arthritis

Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people older than fifty-five years.(citation needed)

There are different forms of arthritis and each has a different cause. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) is a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint, or age. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormal anatomy might contribute to the early development of osteoarthritis(citation needed).
Other arthritis forms are rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, autoimmune diseases in which the body attacks itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, causing inflammation. There is also an uncommon form of gout caused by the formation of rhomboid crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This gout is known as pseudogout.

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